Based on their reports, the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) are predicting a bumper year for box tree caterpillars. At this year’s RHS Chelsea Flower Show, managing box tree caterpillars was also the most commonly asked question of the RHS Advisory team, suggesting infestations are abound.
Box tree caterpillars, native to East Asia, are the larvae of a moth that feed on box (Buxus) plants. The insect, which was first found in private gardens in the UK in 2011, is now widespread across the UK.
The surge in reports is very likely due to a mild winter followed by a warm spring which meant the caterpillars’ activity started earlier and if temperatures hold could see a further generation in the autumn. Insect growth and development is temperature dependant, with box tree caterpillars requiring a certain number of hours above a threshold temperature in order to ‘reawaken’. There are at least two generations of box tree caterpillar in a year, though can be up to four elsewhere in Europe – with the majority of damage caused between March and October.
The RHS warns that if have a mild autumn, there may be an additional generation, resulting in more damage to box plants. As the caterpillars feed and grow their damage becomes increasingly noticeable. Their presence can be spotted via the small green pellets of frass (insect excrement) found under box; the partially, to entirely, eaten leaves; and the presence of webbing.
Dr Stephanie Bird, RHS Senior Entomologist, said: “Box growers now face this insect across the whole of the country. While box is a pretty resilient plant and can recover from even complete defoliation, this does weaken the plant and where desperate, hungry caterpillars can go on to strip the bark, girdling and killing sections. However, all is not lost as there are now known to be several naturally occurring enemies, including parasitoid wasps and a fly that can provide at least a low level of control. Gardeners may need to make tough decisions, considering which plants they love and want to retain versus replacing with an alternative where management is no longer practical.”
Growers of box that have not yet been affected are advised to deploy pheromone traps in order to help determine when the moths are present, in order to then look for and remove the caterpillars. There are many good alternatives to the use of box for topiary. An ongoing trial at RHS Garden Wisley is investigating the alternatives, with a range of compact evergreen shrubs that can be clipped into formal hedging styles.
Other beasties to look out for…
In 2023 the RHS Plant Health team also saw a surge of enquiries around fig leaf skeletoniser moth, whose larvae feed on fig leaves, grazing away the upper surfaces, or folding leaves over and binding with webbing in order to feed inside. In addition, there has been an upswing in observations of an as-of-yet unidentified aphid appearing on buddleia plants. The aphid, believed to be related to the black bean aphid species, feeds on the underside of young buddleia leaves, and the expanding leaves are crumpled, with pale spots on the upper side.
As the climate changes, the RHS monitors reports and enquiries from the UK’s gardeners to provide valuable insights into emerging patterns across the country. The RHS is encouraging gardeners to focus on the benefits of having a biodiverse garden and the contribution each species makes to a healthy ecosystem and the ways increased biodiversity can prevent any one species becoming too prevalent and causing serious damage to plants.